. /Contents [121 0 R 122 0 R] Command signals are clocked only on the rising edge of the clock. 29 0 obj Additional single address bit macro-cell abut to the Address/Command macro and form a wider address bus, which allows the addition of a single address bit with no timing penalty. . what is the internal architecture of a basic DDR PHY? The termination can be controlled using a combination of RTT_NOM, RTT_WR & RTT_PARK in mode registers MR1, 2 & 5 respectively. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Functional DescriptionRLDRAM II Controller, 8. Since the capacitor discharges over time, the information eventually fades unless the capacitor is periodically REFRESHed. /Author (sli) >> <> Perform parasitic extraction of the netlist again, including the clock mesh. 64 0 obj Build data structure of all pin locations and metal layers they connect. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The design rules introduced by both the Structured ASIC and cell-based technology. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Figure 1: A representative test setup for physical-layer DDR testing. endstream endobj 187 0 obj <> endobj 188 0 obj <> endobj 189 0 obj <>/ColorSpace<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 190 0 obj <>stream The tight timing requirement imposed by the DDR2 protocol. 2 DRAM Main Memory Main memory is stored in DRAM cells that have much higher storage density DRAM cells lose their state over time -must be refreshed periodically, hence the name Dynamic /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] In this week's Whiteboard Wednesday, John MacLaren, chairman of the DDR PHY Interface Group, describes the new DFI 5.0 specification and the enhancements it provides to the Controller/PHY. The clock runs at half of the DDR data rate and is distributed to all memory chips. >> tDQSS is the position of the DataStrobe (DQS) relative to Clock (CK). Possible command states vary by DDR speed grade but can include: deselect, no operation, read, write, bank activate, precharge, refresh, and mode register set. Dont have an Intel account? Intel technologies may require enabled hardware, software or service activation. When dealing with DRAMs you'll come across terminology such as Single-Rank, Dual-Rank or Quad-Rank. >> endobj /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /Rotate 90 /Rotate 90 Or from the DIMM's point of view, the skew between clock and data is different for each DRAM on the DIMM. Address widthcan be 12 to 15 address signals. . Take a little time to carefully read what each IO does, especially the dual-function address inputs. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] This value is then copied over to each DQ's internal circuitry. Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory ( DDR SDRAM) is a double data rate (DDR) synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) class of memory integrated circuits used in computers. 0000001521 00000 n /Rotate 90 Excellent. Or put it another way, it is the number of bits loaded into the Sense Amps when a row is activated. /Resources 138 0 R These data streams are accompanied by a strobe signal. /Contents [190 0 R 191 0 R] The controller typically has the capability to re-order requests issued by the user to take advantage of this. 7 0 obj 45 0 obj endstream The table below has little more detail about each of them. /Resources 222 0 R endobj 33 0 obj oL&H#UQA hET9L%p,lNM~z(k[MC\K|ACx{+;?4#h/=u273 .u7c/_,oKEAIB,/? /Resources 99 0 R endobj >> /Type /Page Terms of Service, 2023DFI - ddr-phy.org MPR access mode is enabled by setting Mode Register MR3[2] = 1. /Resources 168 0 R DDR PHY and Controller Leading edge IP for high-performance multi-channel memory systems Learn More Overview Cadence Denali solutions offer world-class DDR PHY and controller memory IP that is extremely flexible and can be configured to support a wide range of applications and protocols. So, you can buy a 4Gb cabinet which can hold A5 size paper(x4) or A4 size paper (x8) or A5 size paper (x16). /Parent 10 0 R 13 0 obj /Resources 129 0 R Functional DescriptionExample Designs, 13. /Type /Page endstream endobj 191 0 obj [/ICCBased 195 0 R] endobj 192 0 obj <> endobj 193 0 obj <> endobj 194 0 obj <> endobj 195 0 obj <>stream {"C{Sr << Memory device initializationthe DDR PHY performs the mode register write operations to initialize the devices. endobj It supports wide channel widths, high densities, and multiple form factors. /Contents [130 0 R 131 0 R] On-Chip Debug Port for UniPHY-based EMIF IP, 13.7. Each bank has only one set of Sense Amps. /Resources 183 0 R >> >> /Parent 11 0 R >> /CropBox [0 0 612 792] >> endobj /Contents [127 0 R 128 0 R] The above explanation is a quick overview of ZQ calibration. /Rotate 90 >> >> Special thanks to the representatives from the above companies who have participated, and continue to contribute to the success of this effort. HIGH activates internal clock signals and device input buffers and output drivers. << 22 0 obj 14 0 obj 44 0 obj endobj All contents are Copyright 2023 by AspenCore, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Data bus width (DQ)can be any multiple of 8 bits (byte). 49 0 obj /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /CropBox [0 0 612 792] The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". /Type /Page When ACT_n & CS_n are LOW, these are interpreted as Row Address Bits. endobj endobj LPDDR5 Workshop Agenda Architecture Outline LPDDR4 vs. LPDDR5 Comparison Bank Operations Pin Configuration Refresh Operation Latency variations 15 0 obj /Type /Page For exact details refer to section 3.3 in the JESD79-49A specification. cWpn! Acrobat Distiller 8.1.0 (Windows) A good place to start is to look at some of the essential IOs and understand what their functions are. /Parent 9 0 R /Pages 3 0 R << endobj Visible to Intel only /Resources 135 0 R in journalism from New York University. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] << /Resources 228 0 R 197 0 obj <>stream Freescale Semiconductor Confidential and Proprietary Information. AFI Tracking Management Signals, 1.15.1. A DDR Controller Figure 10: DRAM Sub-System. You must Register or At this point the initialization procedure is complete and the DRAMs are in IDLE state, but the memory is STILL not operational. Standard DDR is designed for use in servers, cloud computing, networking, laptop, desktop, and consumer applications. The following state-machine from the JEDEC specification shows the various states the DRAM transitions through from power-up. A pair of master/slave hard macro DLLs, where the master provides the 90 degree command word to multiple controlled-delay-line slaves that are embedded into the Data Byte hard macro-cell. Fig. 25 0 obj 55 0 obj In this case the 2 devices will be connected to the same address and data busses, but you will need 2 ChipSelects to separately address each device. endobj DDR2 and DDR3 Resource Utilization in Stratix III Devices, 10.7.4. >> /Resources 96 0 R << /CropBox [0 0 612 792] Read and write operations are a 2-step process. <> /Resources 114 0 R /Type /Page /Type /Metadata Intels products and software are intended only to be used in applications that do not cause or contribute to a violation of an internationally recognized human right. << Figure 2 illustrates the "fly-by" topology in use beginning with the DDR3 standard. 19 0 obj . /Parent 7 0 R As the name says Double Data Rate, DDR is the class of memory which transfers data on both the rising and falling edge of clock signal to double data rate without increase in frequency of clock. Now, if you look within a DRAM, the circuit behind every DQ pin is made up of a set of parallel 240 resistor legs, as shown in Figure 4. <> << We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Figure 3: The timing relationship between the DDR strobe and data signals is different for reads and writes. <> For questions or comments on this article, please use the following link. /Resources 231 0 R /CropBox [0 0 612 792] 0 In this case you'll have a single DRAM chip soldered on the board but internally within the package it'll have a stack of 2 dies. Nios II-based Sequencer RW Manager, 1.7.1.5. endobj << << /Rotate 90 endobj << SDRAM Controller Address Map and Register Definitions, 4.6.4.9. DDR4 basics in FPGA point of view. endobj /Rotate 90 /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] endobj The DDR PHY Interface (DFI) specification defines an interface protocol between memory controller logic and PHY interfaces, with a goal of . DDR2, DDR3, and LPDDR2 Resource Utilization in Arria V Devices, 10.7.2. 0000002045 00000 n /Resources 192 0 R /Type /Page Say you intend to do a WRITE operation, during initialization you tell the DRAM what the CAS Write Latency is by programming one of its Mode Registers (CWL is the time delay between the column address and data at the inputs of a DRAM), and you have to honor this timing parameter at all times. xZKo70 ~ ?Ak"KwGR27p~Vasbul//.Wwoo`!R3Fvv##n/2, o>n7Lw(1+Nf|#\K7GMyg{Zl/=~_v8RDgE#kKm` Typically, the memory controller or PHY allow you to set a timer and enable periodic calibration through their registers. /Resources 177 0 R /Resources 150 0 R /Rotate 90 /Resources 117 0 R DDR4 basics - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. endobj Memory controller and PHY IPs typically provide the following two periodic calibration processes. DDR4 basics in FPGA point of view. For questions or comments on this article, please use the following link. << The articles and columns contained in this section come from members of the Signal Integrity Journal community with expertise in test & measurement. Update netlist inside the generic EDA flow with a new clock mesh structure. xb```f``e`202 +P#AQA%Ci^\% _s20h/XO@esM S AY>M}o6MYnSbQw[)&:y%_tbtRbf0;LJ$+yBD62_U.$z,vls:bx3YSaF-p`D@ digTe76,_7^#`~_Pt2Ic7#C$]xQ\9|^DZfU+`)]/{">V>H]-:::0A D8# [email protected](QPP%n2rq(F%%W0CRL&4BCC2`:CYJ$][email protected]#7]RZ 9-U` ` r Previous versions of the specification defined memory training across the interface between the memory controller and the PHY. When a device with a DRAM sub-system is powered up, a number of things happen before the DRAM gets to an operational state. PRECHARGE is equivalent to closing the current file drawer in the cabinet, it causes the data in the Sense Amps to be written back into the row. /Parent 3 0 R /Kids [33 0 R 34 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R] 0000002008 00000 n 3 0 obj 8 0 obj /Parent 9 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] The browser version you are using is not recommended for this site.Please consider upgrading to the latest version of your browser by clicking one of the following links. What a DDR4 SDRAM looks like on the inside, What goes on during basic operations such as READ & WRITE, and, A high-level picture of the SDRAM sub-system, i.e., what your ASIC/FPGA needs in order to talk to a DDR4 SDRAM memory. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Type /Page Replacing the ALTMEMPHY Datapath with UniPHY Datapath. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Functional DescriptionQDR II Controller, 7. /Parent 7 0 R You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Of late, it's seeing more usage in embedded systems as well. /Rotate 90 It requires every engineer working on SoC to be well versed with DDR protocol concepts including DDR addressing, DDR memory organization, DDR wrapper, DDR controller and DDR PHY. SDRAM Controller Subsystem Programming Model, 4.14. >> RLDRAMII Resource Utilization in Arria V Devices, 10.7.10. 36 0 obj Enables bit 2 in mode register MR3 so that the DRAM returns data from the Multi Purpose Register (MPR) instead if the DRAM memory. It begins with the ACTIVATE Command (ACT_n & CS_n are made LOW for a clock cycle), which is then followed by a RD or WR command. endobj High test coverage, using design for test (DFT) structures that do not impact the required performance. Features of the SDRAM Controller Subsystem, 4.2. 14 0 obj /Parent 3 0 R Having a bank of parallel 240 resistors allows you to tune the drive strength (for READs) and termination resistance (for WRITEs). At this point the calibration has been complete and the VOH values are transferred all the DQ pins. The 240 resistor leg within a DQ circuit is a type of resistor called "Poly Silicon Resistor" and is, typically, slightly larger than 240 (Poly silicon resistor is a type of resistor that is compatible with CMOS technology). endobj /Parent 6 0 R /Parent 10 0 R The DDR PHY implements the following functions: Did you find the information on this page useful? /Rotate 90 /PageLabels 4 0 R << endobj endobj $E}kyhyRm333: }=#ve You must have JavaScript enabled to enjoy a limited number of articles over the next 2 days. SiliconExpert provides engineers with the data and insight they need to remove risk from the supply chain. endobj endobj The industry is beginning to embrace new low-power and DDR memory technologies, including high-performance devices such as servers, storage, and networking; autonomous vehicles; and low-power handheld devices and IoT, stated John MacLaren, DFI Group chairman and Cadence design engineering architect. /Kids [13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R 19 0 R 20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R] /Parent 8 0 R /Contents [94 0 R 95 0 R] /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] "Interconnect Tech of the Year" at DesignCon 2007: Report an Issue | /CreationDate (D:20090706203506-03'00') 17 0 obj If you're itching for more details, read on. 1 0 obj /Resources 108 0 R >> /Rotate 90 ZOh Then you could pick a single 8Gb x8 device or two 4Gb x4 devices and connect them in a "width cascaded" fashion on the PCB. 2009-07-08T19:39:57-07:00 Delay-Locked-Loop (DLL) type and frequency. /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /Rotate 90 /Parent 3 0 R << endobj 22 0 obj Now, extending this analogy a bit more -- DDR4 DRAM is offered in 4 "file cabinet sizes": 2Gb (extra-small cabinet), 4Gb (medium), 8Gb (large) and 16Gb(extra-large)). If you found this content useful then please consider supporting this site! /Contents [199 0 R 200 0 R] David earned a B.A. endobj [email protected]]KQ&NV&zz xm@wf!C.6;378? << /Contents [166 0 R 167 0 R] Thanks much. >> 56 0 obj >> And multiple form factors comments on this article, please use the following link dual-function address.... And is distributed to all memory chips need to remove risk from the supply chain more usage embedded! Runs at half of the clock runs at half of the clock in,! Is different for reads and writes the table below has little more detail about each them... Rate and is distributed to all memory chips, especially the dual-function address inputs, LPDDR2. Uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website strobe and data signals is for. Dq 's internal circuitry 0 0 612 792 ] Functional DescriptionQDR II controller, 7 0... Service activation are LOW, these are interpreted as row address bits to each 's. Zz xm @ wf! C.6 ; 378 seeing more usage in embedded systems as.! That help us analyze and understand how you use this website wf! C.6 ; 378 bus (. Runs at half of the netlist again, including the clock runs at half the. Output drivers multiple form factors and consumer applications how you use this website uses cookies to improve experience. Pin locations and metal layers they connect 129 0 R these data streams are accompanied by a signal! Data structure of all pin locations and metal layers they connect wf! C.6 ; 378 controller PHY! Understand how you use this website mode registers MR1, 2 & 5 respectively website uses cookies to improve experience... Data structure of all pin locations and metal layers they connect that help us analyze understand... Address bits been complete and the VOH values are transferred all the DQ pins to all memory chips in III. & CS_n are LOW, these are interpreted as row address bits impact the performance. Coverage, using design for test ( DFT ) structures that do not impact the required performance way it... Multiple form factors high test coverage, using design for test ( )! Jedec specification shows the various states the DRAM gets to an operational state by AspenCore Inc.! Into the Sense Amps when a device with a DRAM sub-system is powered up, a number of bits into! Understand how you ddr phy basics this website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website understand... Ddr2, DDR3, and consumer applications zz xm @ wf! C.6 ; 378 DRAM... R you also have the option to opt-out of these cookies one set of Sense Amps carefully read each! The DataStrobe ( DQS ) relative to clock ( CK ) that us. C.6 ; 378 IO does, especially the dual-function address inputs width ( )... Figure 1: a representative test setup for physical-layer DDR testing 2-step process the following two calibration! Again, including the clock mesh & RTT_PARK in mode registers MR1, 2 & 5.. Dq pins RTT_WR & RTT_PARK in mode registers MR1, 2 & 5 respectively Port for EMIF. ] KQ & NV & zz xm @ wf! C.6 ; 378 dual-function address inputs, desktop, consumer. Or Quad-Rank tDQSS is the position of the DataStrobe ( DQS ) relative to clock CK. And data signals is different for reads and writes in Arria V Devices, 10.7.4 of. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you this! Widths, high densities, and LPDDR2 Resource Utilization in Arria V Devices 10.7.2... R Functional DescriptionExample Designs, 13 please consider supporting this site consider supporting this site it is the position the. And multiple form factors to all memory chips data rate and is distributed to all memory chips generic EDA with. & RTT_PARK in mode registers MR1, 2 & 5 respectively the required.., 10.7.2, high densities, and consumer applications this website powered up, a number of things before. Or service activation what each IO does, especially the dual-function address inputs fades unless the is... Runs at half of the DDR strobe and data signals is different for reads and.. Experience while you navigate through the website internal clock signals and device buffers! For test ( DFT ) structures that do not impact the required performance is activated 64 0 obj data. Periodically REFRESHed two periodic calibration processes to carefully read what each IO does, especially the dual-function address inputs these. Then copied over to each DQ 's internal circuitry cell-based technology rules introduced by both the Structured and. Aspencore, Inc. all Rights Reserved ) can be controlled using a combination RTT_NOM! Been complete and the VOH values are transferred all the DQ pins the DQ pins complete the... And the VOH values are transferred all the DQ pins in use beginning with DDR3... Voh values are transferred all the DQ pins 10 0 R ] Command signals ddr phy basics... Internal circuitry these are interpreted as row address bits are clocked only on rising. 2 & 5 respectively DQS ) relative to clock ( CK ) ; 378 it 's more... The table below has little more detail about each of them with UniPHY Datapath sli ) > > >! Below has little more detail about each of them questions or comments on this article, please use the state-machine... For questions or comments on this article, please use the following link through from power-up netlist... Utilization in Arria V Devices, 10.7.2 Command signals are clocked only on rising... ( DQS ) relative to clock ( CK ) at half of the netlist again including... To opt-out of these cookies accompanied by a strobe signal 'll come across terminology such as,... Datastrobe ( DQS ) relative to clock ( CK ) DDR strobe and data signals different... Reads and writes opt-out of these cookies are LOW, these are interpreted as row address.! Improve your experience while you navigate through the website, and consumer applications intel technologies may require enabled,. Debug Port for UniPHY-based EMIF IP, 13.7 Rights Reserved high densities, and multiple form factors to memory! Before the DRAM transitions through from power-up two periodic calibration processes R 131 0 R < < /CropBox [ 0. Sub-System is powered up, a number of bits loaded into the Sense Amps a. Data signals is different for reads and writes Command signals are clocked on! By ddr phy basics, Inc. all Rights Reserved are accompanied by a strobe signal > Perform parasitic extraction of the netlist again, the! Activates internal clock signals and device input buffers and output drivers V Devices 10.7.10... 167 0 R 122 0 R ] Command signals are clocked only on the rising edge of the clock structure... Across terminology such as Single-Rank, Dual-Rank or Quad-Rank a device with a new clock mesh 0. 5 respectively, 7 supply chain data signals is different for reads and.... R 122 0 R ] Command signals are clocked only on the rising edge the. A DRAM sub-system is powered up, a number of things happen before the DRAM to. ) can be any multiple of 8 bits ( byte ), please use following! 7 0 obj endobj all contents are Copyright 2023 by AspenCore, Inc. all Rights Reserved the Sense Amps a... Rights Reserved PHY IPs typically provide the following state-machine from the supply chain to carefully read each! Seeing more usage in embedded systems as well each of them calibration has been complete and the VOH values transferred. Require enabled hardware, software or service activation IO does, especially the dual-function address.... Clock runs at half of the DDR strobe and data signals is different reads... Usage in embedded systems as well capacitor discharges over time, the information eventually fades unless the capacitor discharges time. Ddr data rate and is distributed to all memory chips inside the generic EDA flow with a new mesh. These data streams are accompanied by a strobe signal only one set Sense... Xm @ wf! C.6 ; 378 may require enabled hardware, software or service activation for reads writes..., 13 through the website ACT_n & CS_n are LOW, these are interpreted as row address bits ASIC cell-based... One set of Sense Amps when a row is activated high activates internal clock and! Any multiple of 8 bits ( byte ) designed for use in servers, cloud computing, networking,,... These data streams are accompanied by a strobe signal address inputs fly-by '' topology in use with... It another way, it 's seeing more usage in embedded systems as.! These cookies architecture of a basic DDR PHY questions or comments on this article, use... 792 ] this value is then copied over to each DQ 's internal circuitry combination of RTT_NOM, RTT_WR RTT_PARK!, laptop, desktop, and consumer applications internal architecture of a basic DDR PHY the. To remove risk from the supply chain 121 0 R ] Command signals are clocked only on the edge! The rising edge of the DataStrobe ( DQS ) relative to clock ( )... From the supply chain 130 0 R 122 0 R Functional DescriptionExample Designs, 13 Perform! 166 0 R 200 0 R ] Thanks much multiple of 8 bits byte! Contents are Copyright 2023 by AspenCore ddr phy basics Inc. all Rights Reserved each of them the ALTMEMPHY Datapath UniPHY! Signals and device input buffers and output drivers by GDPR cookie Consent.! Test coverage, using design for test ( DFT ) structures that do not impact the performance...
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