In the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago, the island of Surtsey was created from 1963 to 1967 due to underwater volcanic eruptions. The first permanent settler in Iceland is usually considered to have been a Norwegian chieftain named Inglfr Arnarson and his wife, Hallveig Fradttir. [15] Some historians refer to the 15th century as the "English Age" in Iceland's history, due to the prominence of English traders and fishing fleets. The . [citation needed]. Take Holuhraun lava field, for example, where eruptions originating at Baroarbunga stratovolcano occurred in 2014 and 2015. In the late 14th century Norway and Denmark entered into a union. Which mountainsare the most beautiful mountains in Iceland, where are they located and what kind of mountains can you find in Iceland? Holidaymakers, business people, artists, musicians, students, job-seekersin recent decades, all types have found Iceland to be a land of plentiful opportunity. Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 40:2 (Autumn 2009), 15170. Iceland has also been utilizing its resources for green energy production and has built numerous geothermal power plants and dams for hydroelectric power stations. (Anne-Sophie Ofrim / Public Domain ) The vast armies clashed in a great naval battle in the fjord that was part of Rogaland. Join us for a special preview screening of How to Unscrew a Planet, the episode of CNN's new Sunday primetime series The Whole Story with Anderson Cooper set to air Earth Day weekend. Norway's consolidation of power in Iceland was slow, and the Althing intended to hold onto its legislative and judicial power. Although Iceland was neutral in the Second World War, the United Kingdom invaded and peacefully occupied it in 1940 to forestall a Nazi occupation, after Denmark was overrun by the German Wehrmacht. [70], On 1 August 2016, Guni Th. [51][52][53], It is rare for militarized interstate disputes of this magnitude and intensity to occur between two democracies with as close economic, cultural, and institutional ties as Iceland and the UK.[53][54]. In A.D. 999, after another unsuccessful conversion attempt, Olaf shut off all trade routes to Iceland, refusing the Icelandic merchant vessels entry to Norwegian ports. Learn who the first settlers of Iceland were, what life was like, and how it became the republic it is today. Iceland's history has also been marked by a number of natural disasters. [9] Many of the early settlers were Thelir, fleeing the recent union of Norway under Harald Fairhair and came from Telemark. [17] The Icelandic trade was important to some British ports; for example, in Hull, the Icelandic trade accounted for more than ten percent of Hull's total trade. Although U.S. forces no longer maintain a military presence in Iceland, the U.S. still assumes responsibility over the country's defense through NATO. It should be understood that Icelands position on the globe is one of enormous strategic importance for any party engaged in international warfare. The king also sent missionaries to Iceland who, according to 12th-century sources, were highly successful in converting the Icelanders. Since Denmark was still occupied by Germany, many Danes felt offended that the step should have been taken at the time[citation needed]. Unlike many Nordic countries, there are no indigenous people of Iceland. Following him, a Swede named Gardar Svavarsson . [32], Icelandic post-World War I prosperity came to an end with the outbreak of the Great Depression, a severe worldwide economic crash. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Iceland was settled in the late 9th and early 10th centuries, principally by people of Norwegian and other Scandinavian origin. The invasion plan known as Operation Fork was conducted haphazardly en route. From the time of Harald Fairhair until the present day, Norway has had more than 60 named sovereigns. Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz. The Kingdom of Denmark (1814-1979) The Home Rule of Greenland (since 1979) Part of the Kingdom of Norway, from 1261 to 1814 [ edit] Greenland as an integral part of Norway under the Monarchy of Norway From the 1260s, the Norse colony on Greenland recognised the King of Norway as their overlord. Is Iceland a good travel destination for queer people? Two bishoprics were established, one at Sklholt in 1056 and the other at Hlar in 1106. Denmark was still occupied by Germany at the time. The Althing, which had been suspended in 1799, was restored in 1844, and Iceland gained sovereignty after World War I, becoming the Kingdom of Iceland on 1 December 1918. [19] This period is known as the Muharindin or "Mist Hardships". The next decade of significant interest in Iceland is the 1980s. In 1220, this conflict saw powerful Icelandic chieftains (Gooar) battle to decide whether Iceland should become a subject of Hakon the Old, King of Norway. In the first half of the 10th century, English armies led by the descendants of Alfred of Wessex began reconquering Scandinavian areas of England; the last Scandinavian king, Erik Bloodaxe, was . Iceland became de facto fully sovereign with these actions. Thanks to a healthy economy and the islands natural resources, Icelanders are looking forward to a bright and beautiful 21st century. Feel free to leave your thoughts and queries in the Facebook comments box below. When the two kingdoms of Denmark and Norway were separated by the Treaty of Kiel in 1814 following the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark kept Iceland, as well as Faroe and Greenland, as dependencies. [22][23][24], Iceland was part of neutral Denmark during the war. What we know of Icelands earliest settlers can be traced back to the Landnamabok or the Book of Settlements. Herjolf & Thorolf praised the new land, Thorolf saying it was so beautiful that butter dripped off the blades of grass. Iceland fit this category at the time, and Olaf sent across several missionaries; however, they had only partial success. These directly went against the churchs teachings but were ingrained cultural habits in the Icelandic population. The constitution was revised in 1903, and a minister for Icelandic affairs, residing in Reykjavk, was made responsible to the Althing, the first of whom was Hannes Hafstein. [43] Iceland became an independent republic on 17 June 1944, with Sveinn Bjrnsson as its first president. Roman currency dating to the third century has been found in Iceland, but it is unknown whether they were brought there at that time or came later with Vikings after circulating for centuries.[10]. Icelanders began to trade for grain from continental Europe, which was an expensive proposition. Iceland remained part of Denmark, but in keeping with the rise of nationalism around Europe in the nineteenth century, an independence movement emerged. By the end of the settlement period, a general Icelandic assembly, called the Althing, had been established and was held at midsummer on a site that came to be called Thingvellir. This left enough room for windows and doors, but these homes were rarely warm and required great fires in the center of the room, which often caused respiratory problems. The first Viking to visit Iceland was Gardar the Swede, who in c . Archaeological finds also support the documentary evidence and place Iceland among Norse Viking Age settlements of the late 9th or early 10th century. [15], English and German merchants became more prominent in Iceland at the start of the 15th century. Iceland first began to form approximately 70 million years ago. At the local level, three godar usually held a joint assembly in late spring at which a local court operated, again with judges nominated by the godar. It is recognized, however, that Inglfr Arnarson may not have been the first one to settle permanently in Icelandthat may have been Nttfari, one of Garar Svavarsson's men who stayed behind when Garar returned to Scandinavia. This archaeological find may also indicate that the monks left Iceland before the Norse arrived.[12]. In 1991, the Independence Party, led by Dav Oddsson, formed a coalition government with the Social Democrats. [36] Parliament also elected a provisional governor, Sveinn Bjrnsson, who later became the Republic's first president. [36] At the time, Icelanders and the Danish King considered this state of affairs to be temporary and believed that Iceland would return these powers to Denmark when the occupation was over. The history of Iceland is rich with legend and lore, ranging from the first settlement that was established here over a thousand years ago to the prosperous, liberal, and modern Scandinavian nation that it is today. Although the island was not populated until the Viking Age, Iceland probably had been known to people long before that time. The United States closed the Keflavk Air Base in September 2006. From Greenland, Icelanders would import walrus ivory, fur, and skins. The president of Iceland (Icelandic: Forseti slands) is the head of state of Iceland.The incumbent is Guni Thorlacius Jhannesson, who is now in his second term as president, elected in 2016 and re-elected in 2020.. Vigds Finnbogadttir assumed Iceland's presidency on 1 August 1980, she made history as the first elected female head of state in the world. King Kristjn was the first and only monarch to rule over Iceland as a sovereign country. Shall probably be too late! The Proto Cod War (19521956) revolved around Iceland's extension of its fishery limits from 3 to 4 nautical miles. In 2016, it was reported that the United States was considering re-opening the base.[58]. Iceland demanded Britain allow it to trade with Germany, to no avail. The subsequent strict DanishIcelandic Trade Monopoly in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was detrimental to the economy. "How and why is the history of Iceland divided into periods?". The volcanic activity is attributed to a hotspot, the Iceland hotspot, which in turn lies over a mantle plume (the Iceland Plume) anomalously hot rock in the Earth's mantle which is likely to be partly responsible for the island's creation and continued existence. These same forces can still be seen in volcanic eruptions or earthquakes. To avoid a civil war in Iceland, the pagan lawspeaker Thorgeir Thorkelsson was elected to decide whether Iceland should become a Christian country. Some Icelanders claimed descent from Cerball mac Dnlainge, King of Osraige in southeastern Ireland, at the time of the Landnmabk's creation. Thor seems to have been the most popular of the pagan gods in Iceland, although Odin is thought to have been the highest in rank. Despite its small size, the country has many interesting characteristics. It was then that various agencies in Iceland, including the government and tourist board, rallied around the concept of boosting the country as a must-see travel destination. These were some of Icelands original inhabitants. Children fathered by foreign troops were known as astandsborn (children of the situation). Only a few decades before that, it had become subject to the modernism that followed World War IIthe theaters, the restaurants, the museums, and the bars. "[48][49] Iceland repeatedly threatened to leave NATO or cancel the US defence agreement during the Cold War, which is one reason why the United States went to great lengths to please the Icelanders. In spite of this decision, the godar retained their political role, and many of them probably built their own churches. Codification of the law was begun in 111718. This agreement, signed on 5 May 1951, was the authority for the controversial U.S. military presence in Iceland, which remained until 2006. The twelfth-century scholar Ari orgilsson's slendingabk reasserts that items including bells corresponding to those used by Irish monks were found by the settlers. And while it's simpler to consider these elemental forces as ancient Iceland history, something long forgotten, the truth is, Iceland is still very much experiencing growing pains. In the 8th century Irish hermits who had begun to sail to Iceland in search of solitude also called the island Thule. [11] The Landnmabk ("Book of Settlements"), written in the 1100s, mentions the presence of Irish monks, called the Papar, prior to Norse settlement and states that the monks left behind Irish books, bells, and crosiers, among other things. Viking incursions into Britain were also expelled thoroughly during this time, potentially leading to a need for peaceful settlement in other lands. Gaining independence meant that Iceland had to reinvent its position on the world stage as culturally separate from the Danish and its relationship with the rest of mainland Europe. [47] Towards the end of the tenth century, Christianity came to Iceland through the influence of the Norwegian king Olaf Tryggvason. Harald Fairhair is portrayed in both Icelandic and Norwegian sagas, mostly dating from the 12 and 13th centuries CE, as the first King of Norway. The Geological history of the Earth is divided into ice ages, based on temperature and climate. It does say that Iceland was fully settled within 60 years, which likely means that all arable land had been claimed by various settlers. The recorded history of Iceland began with the settlement by Viking explorers and the people they enslaved from the east, particularly Norway and the British Isles, in the late ninth century. All farmers were legally obliged to belong to a chieftaincy (godord) but theoretically were free to change their allegiance from one godi to another; the godar were allotted a corresponding right to expel a follower. This subjection to the monarchy was later abolished in the same year, and complete autonomy was granted, with Sveinn Bjornsson serving as the first President of the Republic of Iceland. Given that Nazi Germany still occupied Denmark in 1944, many Danes felt it inappropriate to hold such an election. After deliberating for one day and one night under a fur blanket, Thorgeir finally concluded that Iceland should adopt a new faith. Jn Arason and gmundur Plsson, the Catholic bishops of Sklholt and Hlar respectively, opposed Christian's efforts at promoting the Protestant Reformation in Iceland. Tourism has been the saving grace of the Icelandic economy, which was in freefall during the 2008-2011 banking crisis. In the 18th century, climatic conditions in Iceland reached an all-time low since the original settlement. Thorgeir stipulated that pagan worship would still be allowed in private, as well as the exposure of surplus children (infanticideIcelanders believed the island could only hold so many people) and the consumption of horseflesh. What once resembled an overgrown Scandinavian village has given way to the hurried construction of luxury hotels, visitor centers, and tourist stops. Iceland joined the European Economic Area in 1994, thus strengthening its position on the international financiers stage. Discover the most beautiful waterfalls in Iceland. 860, was settled by Norwegian Vikings in the years 870-930. He then returned east to Norway with resources and knowledge. Snorri Sturluson was the chieftain of the Sturlung clan and a vassal of the Norwegian king, as was Snorris nephew, Sturla Sighvatsson. He discovered that the country was an island and called it Gararshlmi "Garar's Islet" and stayed for the winter at Hsavk. Today, Icelanders stand at the precipice of a new, exciting and divisive chapter in their young countrys history. Were Not in Kansas anymore. The same could easily be applied to Iceland, a country that knows a thing or two about rapid growth. Flki settled for one winter at Barastrnd. Long before the dawn of humankind, this plume caused a series of underwater eruptions that quickly began to sculpt the island we know today. Queen. The period from around 1200 to 1262 is generally known as the Age of the Sturlungs. All water went tepid and light blue in color, and gravel slides turned grey. Those who came were largely clans who did not wish to bend the knee to the first Christian King of Norway, Harald Fairhair. In the year 1000, as a civil war between the religious groups seemed likely, the Alingi appointed one of the chieftains, Thorgeir Ljosvetningagodi, to decide the issue of religion by arbitration. [14], The period also saw the staaml, two major disputes over whether secular aristocrats should benefit from the tithes of proprietary churches they had founded. Planning conquest of Iceland for next week. What is Guide to Iceland? "University of Michigan Law School Faculty & Staff", Bloodtaking and Peacemaking: Feud, Law, and Society in Saga Iceland, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Iceland&oldid=1148977914, Short description with empty Wikidata description, Articles needing additional references from July 2014, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, slenska kirkjan elstu t (The early Icelandic church) 10301152, sland undir stjrn Noregskonunga og uppgangur kennimanna (Norwegian royal rule and the rise of the clergy) 12621400, Kirkjuvald (Ecclesiastical power) 14001550, Einveldi og einokun (Absolutism and monopoly trading) 16831800, Vireisnarbartta (Campaign for restoration [of past glories]) 18011874, Colonisation and Commonwealth c. 8701262, A primitive society builds a state 18091918. In geological terms, Iceland is a young island. When the force finally did come, the British were surprised to find the Icelanders rather accommodating, even helping the soldiers unload supplies from their ship. His given name is unknown. The union between Denmark and Norway, ignoring some shorter periods, lasted until 1814, when Norway briefly gained independence, and Iceland became an integral part of Denmark until 1918, when Iceland was recognised as a fully sovereign state in personal union with Denmark under a common monarch, on 1 December that same year. Photo from Wikimedia, Creative Commons, by United State Army. The Icelandic Web of Science 5.3.2005", Medieval Iceland: Society, Sagas and Power, "The History of Iceland (Gunnar Karlsson) book review". Photo from Wikimedia, Creative Commons, byEugne Delacroix. Following a constitutional referendum between 20 and 23 May 1944, Iceland formally became an independent republic on 17 June 1944. Believed to have been born in Iceland around. These plates spread at a rate of approximately 2.5 centimeters per year. [48][50], The Cod Wars were a series of militarized interstate disputes between Iceland and the United Kingdom from the 1950s to the mid-1970s. Gissur did much to push the Kings efforts, and finally, in 1262, the Gamli Sattmali or Old Covenant was signed. By 930, the chieftains had established a form of governance, the Althing, making it one of the world's oldest parliaments. [61][62] Elections took place in April 2009, and a continuing coalition government consisting of the Social Democrats and the Left-Green Movement was established in May 2009. A system of individual transferable quotas in the Icelandic fisheries, first introduced in the late 1970s, was further developed. Learn about tourism in Iceland, the economy, the geography, and some fun facts How difficult is it for international students to study in Iceland? In 1995, the Independence Party formed a coalition government with the Progressive Party. Leif the Lucky, born c. 970 AD, was one of Iceland's most incredible explorers. [35] As a result, on 10 April, the Parliament of Iceland took temporary control of foreign affairs (setting up what would be the forerunner of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs) and the Coast Guard. When was Guide to Iceland founded and why? The monk Dicuil wrote in the second half of the 8th century about clerics who had lived on the island. [6] The younger rock strata in the southwest of Iceland and the central highlands are only about 700,000 years old. The Norwegian monarchy dates back more than one thousand years. Forces. During the 11th and 12th centuries, the centralization of power had worn down the institutions of the commonwealth, as the former, notable independence of local farmers and chieftains gave way to the growing power of a handful of families and their leaders. As of 2017, it's again the intention of the U.S. military to build a modern airbase on the Reykjanes Peninsula. This government continued with free market policies, privatising two commercial banks and the state-owned telecom Landssminn. This became known as astandio, or Te Situation, where women found to be engaging sexually with foreign troops were accused of prostitution and treasonous activity. Trees that were not used for building were burnt for warmth. After all, the Icelanders had no standing army, and there would likely be only a handful of German resistors. For a time, Icelanders held onto beliefs in Norse mythology, following an oral tradition back to the time of their ancestors in Scandinavia. Iceland remained independent until 1262, when it entered into a treaty which established a union with the Norwegian monarchy. The land was settled quickly, mainly by Norwegians who may have been fleeing conflict or seeking new land to farm. Another source mentioning the Papar is slendingabk, dating from between 1122 and 1133. For the latter half of the 20th century, unemployment was low, industries were prospering, and life in Iceland was good, particularly for the most part, save for years when the annual harvest proved insufficient. Areas near the Arctic Circle such as Iceland and Greenland began to have shorter growing seasons and colder winters. Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glcksburg, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Iceland&oldid=1143550538, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 8 March 2023, at 12:51. According to traditions current in Norway and Iceland in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, he reigned from c. 872 to 930. Harald Halfdansson (Old Norse: Haraldr Hlfdanarson; c. 850 - c. 932), better known as Harald Hrfagre English: Harald Fairhair), was remembered by medieval historians as the first King of Norway. On May 6, British prime minister Winston Churchill made a case to the war cabinet that building military bases in Iceland was essential in preemptively denying the country to Axis forces. Iceland also traded significantly with the United Kingdom during the war, as Iceland found itself within its sphere of influence. Iceland enjoyed a mostly uninterrupted period of growth in its commonwealth years. Due to a lack of timber, Icelanders held on to a tradition of building sod houses, otherwise referred to as an Icelandic turf house, a type of dwelling made by cutting two rectangles of sod, then piling them into the homes interior walls. 1,030 likes, 11 comments - World History Encyclopedia (@whencyclopedia) on Instagram: "Selja monastery has been considered one of the most sacred sites in Norway for . The governments of the 1990s and 2000s adhered to a staunch but domestically controversial pro-U.S. foreign policy, lending nominal support to the NATO action in the Kosovo War and signing up as a member of the Coalition of the willing during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Many have noted its a country still grappling with its place in the world, trying to figure out precisely what it is and how it got here. Iceland was at the time, what can only be described as a federation, which was formally founded when the parliament, the. Following a recession in the early 1990s, economic growth was considerable, averaging about 4% per year from 1994. Photo fromWikimedia,Creative Commons, by Johan Peter Raadsig. Early Medieval Icelandic Government, or Viking Iceland, has been termed an incipient form of democracy or democratic parliamentarism, however, the system was actually nothing like its European counterparts, be they medieval or contemporary. The settlers of Iceland were predominantly pagans and worshiped the Norse gods, among them Odin, Thor, Freyr, and Freyja. Another eruption occurred at Grimsvotn volcano in 2011, and even last year, 2017, the Icelandic population observed as the ground beneath Hekla began to show signs of an upcoming eruption. On May 3, the British Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, Alexander Cadogan, wrote in his diary, Home 8. He argued that further diplomatic efforts with the Icelandic government would likely reveal British invasion plans to the Germans; hence it was a more strategic move to invade without any prior warning. However, when Olaf Tryggvason ascended the Norwegian throne in A.D. 995, he decided to focus his efforts on converting those under his rule. According to tradition, the First King unified the First Men under his rule and led them in their war against the Children of the Forest. [39] Most were killed on cargo and fishing vessels sunk by German aircraft, U-boats or mines. The first Norseman who lived in Iceland was Flki Vilgerarson. The current King belongs to the House of . Archeological evidence strongly suggests that the timing is roughly accurate; "that the whole country was occupied within a couple of decades towards the end of the 9th century. For a short time, Icelanders considered banking their new modus operandi. He is credited as the modern-day founder of Iceland and is often referred to as President Jon by Icelanders, even though he was never officially the president of Iceland. Historians believe that early Icelandic society was prosperous. Are you wondering how the country's geography, climate, and position in the world affected its development, and what were some of the most positive and negative chapters in Iceland's history? In the early thirteenth century, the internal conflict known as the age of the Sturlungs weakened Iceland, which eventually became subjugated to Norway over the 13th century. Denmarks Christian III challenged the open religious practices of Icelanders and imposed Lutheranism on the people, and to this day, most religious Icelanders remain Lutheran. The Icelanders built large turf-clad houses on bulky timber frames, and some of the churches were built entirely of timber. 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